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New Year s Day New" Year s` Day" the first day of a calendar year; the first day of January. Often colloquially abbreviated to {New year s} or {new year}. [1913 Webster]

New Zealand New` Zea"land A group of islands in the South Pacific Ocean. [1913 Webster]

{New Zealand flax}. (a) (Bot.) A tall, liliaceous herb ({Phormium tenax}), having very long, sword-shaped, distichous leaves which furnish a fine, strong fiber very valuable for cordage and the like. (b) The fiber itself.

{New Zealand tea} (Bot.), a myrtaceous shrub ({Leptospermum scoparium}) of New Zealand and Australia, the leaves of which are used as a substitute for tea. [1913 Webster]

to spanish

New Amsterdam [nju?æmst?dæm] Nueva York
nueva.idoneos.com
york.idoneos.com New South Wales [nju?sau?weilz] Nueva Gales del Sur
nueva.idoneos.com
gales.idoneos.com
del.idoneos.com
sur.idoneos.com New Year s Day [nju?j??zdei] año nuevo
ano.idoneos.com
nuevo.idoneos.com New York [nju?j??k] Nueva York
nueva.idoneos.com
york.idoneos.com New York City [nju?j??ksiti?] Nueva York
nueva.idoneos.com
york.idoneos.com

to spanish

new [nju?] nuevo
nuevo.idoneos.com

to french

New Brunswick [nju?br?nzwik] Nouveau?Brunswick
nouveau?brunswick.idoneos.com

New Guinea [nju?gini?] Nouvelle?Guinée
nouvelle?guinee.idoneos.com

New Orleans [nju???li?nz] Nouvelle?Orléans
nouvelle?orleans.idoneos.com

New South Wales [nju?sau?weilz] Nouvelle?Galles du Sud
nouvelle?galles.idoneos.com
sud.idoneos.com

New Year [nju?j??r] jour de l an
jour.idoneos.com
l an.idoneos.com

New Year s Day [nju?j??zdei] jour de l an
jour.idoneos.com
l an.idoneos.com

New Year s Eve [nju?j??zv] Saint?Sylvestre
saint?sylvestre.idoneos.com

New Zealand [nju?zil?nd] Nouvelle?Zélande
nouvelle?zelande.idoneos.com
néo?zélandais
neo?zelandais.idoneos.com

New Zealander [nju?zil?nd?r] Néo?Zélandais
neo?zelandais.idoneos.com

to french

new [nju?] nouveau
nouveau.idoneos.com

to deutch

new [nju?] neu
neu.idoneos.com

new acquisition [nju?ækwizi??n] Neuanschaffung
neuanschaffung.idoneos.com

new born [nju?b??n] neugeboren
neugeboren.idoneos.com

new building [nju?bildi?] Neubau
neubau.idoneos.com

New Caledonia (nc) [nju?keildni??k] Neukaledonien
neukaledonien.idoneos.com

new edition [nju?idi??n] Neuauflage
neuauflage.idoneos.com

new hearing [nju?hi?ri?] Wiederaufnahmeverfahren
wiederaufnahmeverfahren.idoneos.com

new moon [nju?mu?n] Neumond
neumond.idoneos.com

new publication [nju?p?blikei??n] Neuerscheinung
neuerscheinung.idoneos.com

new start [nju?st??t] Neustart
neustart.idoneos.com

New Year [nju?j??r] Neujahr
neujahr.idoneos.com

New Year s Day [nju?j??zdei] Neujahr
neujahr.idoneos.com

New Year s Eve [nju?j??zv] Silvester, Sylvester
silvester.idoneos.com
sylvester.idoneos.com

New Zealand (nz) [nju?zil?ndnz] Neuseeland
neuseeland.idoneos.com

to italian

New Nuova York
nuova.idoneos.com
york.idoneos.com

to italian

new nuovo
nuovo.idoneos.com

to latin

new [nju?] novus
novus.idoneos.com

Bible Dictionary

New
The first day of the lunar month was observed as a holy day. Inaddition to the daily sacrifice there were offered two youngbullocks, a ram and seven lambs of the first year as a burntoffering, with the proper meat offerings and drink offerings,and a kid as a sin offering. (numbers 28:11-15) As on theSabbath, trade and handicraft work were stopped, (amos 8:5) andthe temple was opened for public worship. (isaiah 66:23;ezekiel 46:3) The trumpets were blown at the offering of thespecial sacrifices for the day, as on the solemn festivals.(numbers 10:10; psalms 81:3) It was an occasion for statebanquets. (1 samuel 20:5-24) In later, if not in earlier, timesfasting was intermitted at the new moons. Judith 8:6. The newmoons are generally mentioned so as to show that they wereregarded as a peculiar class of holy days, distinguished fromthe solemn feasts and the Sabbaths. (1 chronicles 113:31; 2chronicles 2:4; 8:13; 31:3; ezra 3:5; nehemiah 10:33; ezekiel45:17) The seventh new moon of the religious year, being thatof Tisri, commenced the civil year, and had a significance andrites of its own. It was a day of holy convocation. Thereligious observance of the day of the new moon may plainly beregarded as the consecration of a natural division of time.It is proposed in this article to consider the text of the NewTestament. The subject naturally divides itself into-- I. Thehistory of the written text; II. The history of the printedtext. I. THE HISTORY OF THE WRITTEN TEXT

The early history of the apostolic writings externally, asfar as it can be traced, is the same as that of othercontemporary books. St. Paul, like Cicero or Pliny oftenemployed the services of an amanuensis, to whom he dictatedhis letters, affixing the salutation "with his own hand." (1corinthians 16:21; 2 thessalonians 3:17; colossians 4:18) Theoriginal copies seem to have soon perished.

In the natural course of things the apostolic autographswould be likely to perish soon. The material which wascommonly used for letters the papyrus paper, to which St.John incidentally alludes. (2 john 1:12) comp. 3Joh 1:13 Wassingularly fragile, and even the stouter kinds, likely to beused for the historical books, were not fitted to bearconstant use. The papyrus fragments which have come down tothe present time have been preserved under peculiarcircumstances as at Herculaneum or in the Egyptian tombs.

In the time of the Diocletian persecution, A.D. 303, copiesof the Christian Scriptures were sufficiently numerous tofurnish a special object for persecutors. Partly, perhaps,owing to the destruction thus caused, but still more from thenatural effects of time. no MS. of the New Testament of thefirst three centuries remains but though no fragment of theNew Testament of the first century still remains, the Italianand Egyptian papyri, which are of that date give a clearnotion of the caligraphy of the period. In these the text iswritten in columns, rudely divided, in somewhat awkwardcapital letters (uncials), without any punctuation ordivision of words; and there is no trace of accents orbreathings.

In addition to the later MSS. the earliest versions andpatristic quotations give very important testimony to thecharacter and history of the ante-Nicene text; but till thelast quarter of the second century this source of informationfails us. Only are the remains of Christian literature up tothat time extremely scanty, but the practice of verbalquotation from the New Testament was not yet prevalent. Assoon as definite controversies arose among Christians, thetext of the New Testament assumed its true importance.

Several very important conclusions follow from this earliestappearance of textual criticism. It is in the first placeevident that various readings existed in the books of the NewTestament at a time prior to all extant authorities. Historyaffords a trace of the pure apostolic originals. Again, fromthe preservation of the first variations noticed, which areoften extremely minute, in one or more of the primarydocuments still left, we may be certain that no importantchanges have been made in the sacred text which we cannot nowdetect.

Passing from these isolated quotations, we find the firstgreat witnesses to the apostolic text in the early Syriac andLatin versions and in the rich quotations of Clement ofAlexandria (cir. a.d. 220) and Origen (a.d. 1842-4). From theextant works of Origen alone no inconsiderable portion of thewhole New Testament might be transcribed; and his writingsare an almost inexhaustible store house for the history ofthe text. There can be no doubt that in Origen s time thevariations in the New Testament MSS. were beginning to leadto the formation of specific groups of copies.

The most ancient MSS. and versions now extant exhibit thecharacteristic differences which have been found to exist indifferent parts of the works of Origen. These cannot have hadtheir source later than the beginning of the third century,and probably were much earlier. Bengel was the first (1734)who pointed out the affinity of certain groups of MSS., whichas he remarks, must have arisen before the first versionswere made. The honor of carefully determining the relationsof critical authorities for the New Testament text belongs toGriesbach. According to him two distinct recensions of theGospels existed at the beginning of the third century-theAlexandrine and the Western .

From the consideration of the earliest history of the NewTestament text we now pass to the era of MSS. The quotationsof Dionsius Alex. (a.d. 264), Petrus Alex. (cir. a.d. 312),Methodius (a.d. 311) and Eusebius (a.d. 340) confirm theprevalence of the ancient type of tent; but the publicestablishment of Christianity in the Roman empire necessarilyled to important changes. The nominal or real adherence ofthe higher ranks to the Christian faith must have largelyincreased the demand for costly MSS. As a natural consequencethe rude Hellenistic forms gave way before the current Greek,and at the same time it is reasonable to believe thatsmoother and fuller constructions were substituted for therougher turns of the apostolic language. In this way thefoundation of the Byzantine text was laid. Meanwhile themultiplication of copies in Africa and Syria was checked byMohammedan conquests.

The appearance of the oldest MSS. have been alreadydescribed. The MSS. of the fourth century, of which CodexVaticanus may be taken as a type present a close resemblanceto these. The writing is in elegant continuous uncials(capitals), in three columns, without initial letters or iotasubscript or adscript . A small interval serves as a simplepunctuation; and there are no accents or breathings by thehand of the first writer, though these have been addedsubsequently. Uncial writing continued in general use tillthe middle of the tenth century. From the eleventh centurydownward cursive writing prevailed. The earliest cursivebiblical MS, is dated 964 A.D. The MSS. of the fourteenth andfifteenth centuries abound in the contractions whichafterward passed into the early printed books. The oldestMSS. are written on the thinnest and finest vellum; in latercopies the parchment is thick and coarse. Papprus was veryrarely used after the ninth century. In the tenth centurycotton paper was generally employed in Europe; and oneexample at least occurs of its use in the ninth century. Inthe twelfth century the common linen or rag paper came intouse. One other kind of material requires notice--re-dressedparchment, called palimpsests. Even at a very early periodthe original text of a parchment MS. was often erased, thatthe material might be used afresh. In lapse of time theoriginal writing frequently reappeared in faint lines belowthe later text, and in this way many precious fragments ofbiblical MSS. which had been once obliterated for thetranscription of other works, have been recovered.

The division of the Gospels into "chapters" must have comeinto general use some time before the fifth century. Thedivision of the Acts and Epistles into chapters came into useat a later time. It is commonly referred to Euthalius, who,however, says that he borrowed the divisions of the PaulineEpistles from an earlier father and there is reason tobelieve that the division of the Acts and Catholic Epistleswhich he published was originally the work of Pamphilus themartyr. The Apocalypse was divided into sections by Andreasof Caesarea about A.D. 500. The titles of the sacred booksare from their nature additions to the original text. Thedistinct names of the Gospels imply a collection, and thetitles of the Epistles are notes by the possessors, and notaddresses by the writers.

Very few MSS. certain the whole New Testament--twenty-sevenin all out of the vast mass of extant documents. Besides theMSS. of the New Testament, or of parts of it, there are alsolectionaries, which contain extracts arranged for the churchservices.

The number of uncial MSS. remaining. though great whencompared with the ancient MSS. extent of other writings, isinconsiderable. Tischendorf reckons forty in the Gospels. Inthese must be added Cod. Sinait ., which is entire; a new MS.of Tischendorf, which is nearly entire; and Cod. Zacynth.,Which contains considerable fragments of St. Luke. In theActs there are nine: in the Catholic Epistles five; in thePauline Epistles fourteen; in the Apocalypse three.

A complete description these MSS. is given In the greatcritical editions of the New Testament. Here those only canbe briefly noticed which are of primary importance, the firstplace being given to the latest-discovered and most completeCodex Sinaiticus--the Cod. Frid. Aug. of LXX. at St.Petersburg, obtained by Tischendorf from the convent of St.Catherine, Mount Sinai, in 1859. The New Testament is entire,and the Epistle of Bamabas and parts of the Shepherd ofHermas are added. It is probably the oldest of the MSS. ofthe New Testament and of the fourth century. CodexAlexandrinus (brit. mus.), a MS. of the entire Greek Bible,with the Epistles of Clement added. It was given-by CyrilLucar, patriarch of Constantinople, to Charles I. in 1628,and is now in the British Museum. It contains the whole ofthe New Testament, with some chasms. It was probably writtenin the first half of the fifth century. Codex Vaticanus(1209) a MS. of the entire Greek Bible which seems to havebeen in the Vatican Library almost from its commencement(cir. a.d. 1450). It contains the New Testament entire to(hebrews 9:14) katha : the rest of the Epistle to theHebrews, the Pastoral Epistles and the Apocalypse were addedin the fifteenth century. The MS. is assigned to the fourthcentury. Codex Ephraemi rescriptus (paris, bibl, imp. 9), apalimpsest MS. which contains fragments of the LXX. and ofevery part of the New Testament. In the twelfth century theoriginal writing was effaced and some Greek writings ofEphraem Syrus were written over it. The MS was brought toFlorence from the East at the beginning of the sixteenthcentury, and came thence to Paris with Catherine DeuteronomyMedici. The only entire books which have perished are 2Thess. and 2 John.

The number of the cursive MSS. (minuscules) in existencecannot be accurately calculated. Tischendorf catalogues about500 of the Gospels, 200 of the Acts and Catholic Epistles,250 of the Pauline Epistles, and a little less than 100 ofthe Apocalypse (exclusive of lectionaries); but thisenumeration can only be accepted as a rough approximation,

Having surveyed in outline the history of the transmission ofthe written text and the chief characteristics of the MSS. inwhich it is preserved, we are in a position to consider theextent and nature of the variations which exist in differentcopies. It is impossible to estimate the number of theseexactly, but they cannot be less than 120,000 in all, thoughof these a very large proportion consists of differences ofspelling and isolated aberrations of scribes and of theremainder comparatively few alterations are sufficiently wellsupported to create reasonable doubt as to the finaljudgment. Probably there are not more than 1600-2000 placesin which the true reading is a matter of uncertainty.

Various causes: readings are due to some arose fromaccidental, others from intentional alterations of theoriginal text.

Other variations are due to errors of sight. Others may bedescribed as errors of impression or memory . The copyist,after reading a sentence from the text before him, oftenfailed to reproduce it exactly. Variations of order are themost frequent and very commonly the most puzzling questionsof textual criticism. Examples occur in every page, almost inevery verse, of the New Testament.

Of intentional changes some affect the expression, others thesubstance of the passage.

The number of readings which seem to have been altered fordistinctly dogmatic reasons is extremely small. In spite ofthe great revolutions in thought, feeling and practicethrough which the Christian Church passed In fifteencenturies, the copyists of the New Testament faithfullypreserved, according to their ability, the sacred trustcommitted to them. There is not any trace of intentionalrevision designed to give support to current opinions.(matthew 17:21; mark 9:29; 1 corinthians 7:5) need scarcelybe noticed.

The great mass of various readings are simply variations inform. There are, however, one or two greater variations of adifferent character. The most important of these are (mark16:9) and John 7:53 ... 8:12; Roma 16:25-27 The first standsquite by itself and there seems to be little doubt that itcontains an authentic narrative but not by the hand of St.John. The two others taken in connection with the lastchapter of St. John s Gospel, suggest the possibility thatthe apostolic writings may have undergone in some casesauthoritative revision.

Manuscripts, it must be remembered, are but one of the threesources of textual criticism. The versions and patristicquotations are scarcely less important in doubtful cases. II.THE HISTORY OF THE PRINTED TEXT

The history of the printedtext of the New Testament may be these divided into threeperiods. The extends from the labors of the Complutensianerrors to those of Mill; the second from Mill to Scholz; thethird from Lachmann to the present time. The criticism of thefirst period was necessarily tentative and partial: thematerials available for the construction of the text were fewand imperfectly known. The second period made a greatprogress: the evidence of MSS. of versions, of the fathers,was collected with the greatest diligence and success;authorities were compared and classified; principles ofobservation and judgment were laid down. But the influence ofthe former period still lingered. The third period wasintroduced by the declaration of a new and sounder law. Itwas laid down that no right of possession could be pleadedagainst evidence, The "received" text, as such, was allowedno weight whatever. Its authority, on this view, must dependsolely on critical worth. From first to last, in minutedetails of order and orthography, as well as in graverquestions of substantial alteration, the text must be formedby a free and unfettered judgment. The following are theearliest editions:

The Complutensian Polyglot .-The glory of printing the firstGreek Testament is due to the princely Cardinal Ximenes. Thisgreat prelate as early as 1502 engaged the services of anumber of scholars to superintend an edition of the wholeBible in the original Hebrew and Greek, with the addition ofthe Chaldee Targum of Onkelos, the LXX. version and theVulgate. The volume containing the New Testament was Printedfirst, and was completed on January 10, 1524. The whole workwas not finished till July 10, 1517. (it was calledcomplutensian because it was printed at complutum, inspain

ed.)

The edition of Erasmus

The edition of Erasmus was thefirst published edition of the New Testament. Erasmus hadpaid considerable attention to the study of the NewTestament, when he received an application from Froben, aPrinter of Basle with whom he was acquainted, to prepare aGreek text for the press. The request was made on April 17,1515 and the whole work was finished in February, 1516.

The edition of Stephens

The scene of our history nowchanges from Basle to Paris. In 1543, Simon DeuteronomyColines: (colinaeus) published a Greek text of the NewTestament, corrected in about 150 places on fresh MS.authority. Not long after it appeared, R. Estienne(stephanus) published his first edition (1546), which wasbased on a collation of MSS, in the Royal Library with theComplutensian text.

The editions of Beta and Elzevir

The Greek text of Beta(dedicated to queen elizabeth) was printed by H. Stephens in1565 and a second edition in 1576; but the chief edition wasthe third, printed in 1582, which contained readings fromCodez Bezae and Codex Clarontontanus . The literal sense ofthe apostolic, writings must be gained in the same way as theliteral sense of any other writings-by the fullest use ofevery appliance of scholarship, and the most completeconfidence in the necessary and absolute connection of wordsand thoughts. No variation of phrase, no peculiarity ofidiom, no change of tense, no change of order, can beneglected. The truth lies in the whole expression, and no onecan presume to set aside any part as trivial or indifferent.The importance of investigating most patiently and mostfaithfully the literal meaning of the sacred text must befelt with tenfold force when it is remembered that theliteral sense is the outward embodiment of a spiritual sense,which lies beneath and quickens every part of Holy Scripture,[907]Bible][[908]Trumpets, Feast Of FEAST OF]